Commitment Pooling and Moral Life: From Coordination to Answerability and Ethical Governance
William O. Ruddick
SSRN Working Paper
Open Knowledge
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26,367
Users
Historical Celo snapshot
285,197
Peer-to-Peer Exchanges
Historical Celo snapshot
188
Active Commitment Pools
Historical Celo snapshot
745
Active Vouchers on Celo
Historical Celo snapshot
Historical Sarafu Network activity on Celo, 5 July 2023–20 July 2025. View the Dune source
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Our programs directly address 8 of UN SDGs.
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No Poverty
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Zero Hunger
8
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10
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11
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Publications
Our Research Library
Browse papers, datasets, and reports produced by our team and partners.
Showing 42 publications
Regenerative Bonds: Formal Debt, Mutual-Aid, and Local Settlement Capacity
William O. Ruddick, Alex Cahana & Tom Shael
arXiv:2606.23922 [econ.GN]
Commitment-pool route graphs for finance and mutual aid
William O. Ruddick
SSRN Working Paper
Affordances of Digital and Blockchain-Based Community Currencies: The Case of Sarafu Network in Kenya
Patricia Marcella Evite
International Journal of Community Currency Research, Vol. 30 No. 1 (Special Issue Rome)
Proto-Social Infrastructure and Stewardship of Commitment Pooling
William O. Ruddick
International Journal of Community Currency Research, Vol. 30 No. 1 (Special Issue Rome)
Exploring Time-Ordered Triadic Closure in Online Social Networks
Alessia Galdeman, Cheick Tidiane Ba, Matteo Zignani & Sabrina Gaito
ACM Transactions on the Web, Vol. 19 No. 2, Article 24
Slum-Based CAV Networks: Networking in Unyielding Poverty Situations
Amon Simba, Eric Braune & Marina Dabic
Strategic Change, Wiley
Topological components in a community currency network
Teodoro Criscione
Journal of Complex Networks, Vol. 13 No. 3, Oxford University Press
Complementary Currencies and Entrepreneurship: Sustaining Micro-Entrepreneurs in Kenyan Informal Settlements
George Kuk, Camille Meyer & Stephanie Giamporcaro
Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 21-54
Commitment Pooling — An Economic Protocol Inspired by Ancestral Wisdom
William O. Ruddick
International Journal of Community Currency Research (IJCCR), Vol. 27, pp. 54-79
Cooperative Behavior in Blockchain-Based Complementary Currency Networks Through Time: The Sarafu Case Study
Cheick Tidiane Ba, Matteo Zignani & Sabrina Gaito
Future Generation Computer Systems, Vol. 148, pp. 266-279
Circulation of a digital community currency
Carolina E. S. Mattsson, Teodoro Criscione & Frank W. Takes
Nature Scientific Reports
Temporal Analysis of Cooperative Behaviour in a Blockchain for Humanitarian Aid During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cheick Tidiane Ba, Alessia Galdeman, Matteo Zignani & Sabrina Gaito
ACM Conference on Information Technology for Social Good (GoodIT 2022), pp. 292-299
Sarafu Community Inclusion Currency 2020-2021
Carolina E. S. Mattsson, Teodoro Criscione & William O. Ruddick
Nature Scientific Data
Complex Systems Modeling of Community Inclusion Currencies
Clark, Andrew; Mihailov, Alexander; Zargham, Michael
Vienna University of Economics and Business
Community Currencies as Crisis Response: Results from a Randomized Control Trial in Kenya
Rebecca Mqamelo
Frontiers in Blockchain
Complementary Currencies for Humanitarian Aid
Leanne Ussher, Laura Ebert, Georgina M. Gomez, William O. Ruddick
MDPI Journal of Risk and Financial Management
Sarafu — CIC 2020-2021 Data
William O. Ruddick, Teodoro Criscione, C.E.S. Mattsson
UK Data Service
Economic Advantages of Community Currencies
Sarah Zeller
Journal of Risk and Financial Management, Vol. 13 No. 11, Article 271
Red Cross Mukuru Kayaba Rapid Survey Analysis May 2020
Kenya Red Cross & Grassroots Economics
Community Inclusion Currencies M&E Rapid Survey
A Relational Analysis of Sarafu Network: Emergence of a Monetary Ecosystem for the Prosperity of Communities
Sowelu Elios Avanzo
University of Torino (Master's Thesis)
Trade Facilitation and Community Development in the Age of Blockchain & DLT
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
DANIDA Awarded 9 Million DKK for Research on Community Currencies
Ester Barinaga (Lund University, Lead Researcher)
DANIDA / Copenhagen Business School
Proof of Impact: Blockchain Community Currencies in Action
Galia Benartzi, Rebecca Mqamelo
Voucher Systems for Food Security: A Case Study on Kenya's Sarafu-Credit
Marion Cauvet
University of Copenhagen (M.Sc. Agricultural Development)
Community Currencies in a Development Context: The Case of the Sarafu-Credit in Kenya
Thibaud Dezyn
University of Leuven, Belgium (Masters in Cultural Anthropology)
Community Currency Programmes as a Tool for the Sustainable Development of Informal Settlements
Daan Sillen
United Nations University / Maastricht University (M.Sc. Public Policy and Human Development)
Challenges of Collective Organization and Institution Building around Community Currencies in Kenyan Slums
Dissaux, T.; Ruddick, W.
4th International Conference on Social and Complementary Currencies, Barcelona, Spain
The Case of Sarafu-credits: Examining How a Community Currency Can Contribute to Sustainable Livelihood in Informal Settlements
Hannes Anagrius
Stockholm Resilience Centre (M.Sc. Resilience and Sustainability Science)
Relationship between Community Currencies and Nutritional Intake of Household in Kibera Kenya
Sharlene Mbula Mule
University of Nairobi (B.Sc. Food Nutrition and Dietetics)
The Role of Complementary Currency in Promoting Business Growth in an Informal Economy: Case of Bangla-Pesa
Roselyne M. Omanga
Strathmore University, Kenya (Masters of Executive Business Administration)
Trust and Spending of Community Currencies in Kenya
Ruddick, W.
3rd International Conference on Social and Complementary Currencies, Salvador, Brazil
Re-imagining Money to Broaden the Future of Development Finance
Bendell, J.; Slater, M.; Ruddick, W.
UNRISD Working Paper 2015-10
Complementary Currencies for Sustainable Development in Kenya: the Case of the Bangla-Pesa
Ruddick, W.; Richards, M.; Bendell, J.
International Journal of Community Currency Research
Kenyan Businesswomen Transforming Slum Economies through Complementary Currencies
Richards, M.; Ruddick, W.
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
Complementary Currencies Strengthening the Social and Solidarity Economy: Case Studies from Kenya
Ruddick, W.; Mariani, L.
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
Eco-Pesa: an Evaluation of a Complementary Currency Programme in Kenya's Informal Settlements
Ruddick, W.
International Journal of Community Currency Research